Optical Fiber Communication (OFC) revolutionizes modern telecommunications, enabling rapid data transfer across long distances with minimal signal loss. This comprehensive review explores OFC's historical evolution, core principles, components, and versatile applications. Fibers commonly used in optical communication are single mode and GI. Li and coworkers analyze in detail how substrate misorientation affects the structural and optical. The total optical fiber cable deployed for the BharatNet initiative of Government of India is expected to increase from 3. 4 million km to 5 million km in 2024-25 just for providing lastmile connectivity.